Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 18

My fantasy self ran out of the kitchen and toward the sound of the crying. Aubrey and the riddle feline jolted their heads up, amazed at my unexpected development. On the opposite side of the family room, the young lady sat on the floor next to an end table with sharp corners, a little hand squeezed to her temple. Tears gushed down her checks as she moaned. Instantly, my fantasy self was on her knees and had enveloped the young lady with a warm hug. I could feel what the other Georgina felt, and I almost sobbed also over the vibe of that delicate, warm body in my arms. My fantasy self shook the young lady, mumbling alleviating, irrational words as she brushed her lips against the smooth hair. In the end, the young lady's cries halted, and she leaned her head against my fantasy self's chest, substance to just be adored and shaken. I opened my eyes and gazed at Seth's plain white roof. He lay close to me, nestled into my body and as yet possessing an aroma like the back rub oil. Indeed, even alert, the fantasy's pictures were as yet solid thus genuine. I knew precisely how my little girl's hair had felt, the manner in which she smelled, the beat of her heart. My own heart pined such a great amount for her that I could nearly overlook the way that last night's vitality was presently gone. This was transforming into a genuine issue. I sat up, delicately pushing Seth off of me. Be that as it may, as I attempted to make sense of some solution for this most recent dream, a peculiar idea continued squeezing into the rear of my head. Erik. I was unable to quit pondering Erik. It was nothing specifically, either. No particular issue. In any case, at whatever point I attempted to consider something different †my activity, the vitality misfortune, Seth †it was Erik's face that showed up in my mind. I didn't get it, however it stressed me. Seth's arms went after me as I sneaked out of bed, however I handily maintained a strategic distance from them. Getting my mobile phone out of my handbag, I took off toward the lounge room. Nobody replied when I dialed Arcana, Ltd. It was practically ten†¦usually he was open by at that point. I called data looking for Erik's home number, yet it had all the earmarks of being unlisted. A feeling of fear was working in me. Edgy, I dialed Dante's store. â€Å"Dante, I believe something's happened to Erik, yet I don't have his home number and †â€Å" â€Å"Whoa, hold up, succubus. Slow down. Start from the beginning.† Sponsorship up, I clarified how I'd imagined again and woken up fixated on Erik. â€Å"Maybe it's nothing, yet after the suffocating thing†¦I don't have the foggiest idea. Do you have his home number?† â€Å"Yeah,† Dante said after a few minutes. â€Å"I do. I'll†¦I'll keep an eye on him for you and call you back.† â€Å"Thanks, Dante. I mean it.† I disengaged as a lethargic Seth ventured out of the room. â€Å"Who's Dante? Was that a gather call to the Inferno?† â€Å"They won't acknowledge the charges,† I mumbled, still pained. Seth's face turned genuine. â€Å"What's wrong?† I dithered, not on the grounds that I was reluctant to educate him regarding Dante but since I didn't have the foggiest idea whether I needed him made up for lost time in the entirety of this. â€Å"It includes unfading intrigue,† I cautioned. â€Å"And the higher functions of the universe.† â€Å"I live for those things,† he said wryly, subsiding into an easy chair. â€Å"Tell me.† In this way, I did. He thought about my first vitality misfortune however not the rest. I didn't enlighten him regarding the substance of the fantasies, just that they depleted me of vitality. I likewise clarified about the inevitable outcomes and how I'd woken up clammy one morning and considering Erik today. At the point when I completed, I gazed at the wireless critically. â€Å"Damn it. For what reason isn't he calling?† â€Å"Why do you generally reveal to me this at the last minute?† asked Seth. â€Å"It's been giving you inconvenience for some time. I thought it had been a one-time thing.† â€Å"I would not like to trouble you. Furthermore, I realize how amusing you are about godlike stuff.† â€Å"Things that influence you †that might be hurting you †don't trouble me. That is to say, well, they do, yet that is not the point. This all returns to commun †â€Å" The telephone rang. â€Å"Dante?† I asked excitedly. I hadn't tried to check the number. In any case, it was him. His voice sounded bleak. â€Å"You need to come here. To Erik's.† â€Å"The store?† â€Å"No, his home. It's near my place here.† â€Å"What's going on?† â€Å"Just come over.† Dante ran through a location and headings. With speedy shape-moving, I was dressed and prepared to dart out the entryway in a moment. Seth instructed me to pause, and in under a moment †not tantamount to me, however still great †he was prepared as well. I'd never considered Erik having his very own home. To me, he just consistently kind of existed in his store. The location was about a mile from Dante's, in an old, yet very much looked after neighborhood. Erik's home was one of the little cabin types so normal in Seattle neighborhoods, and the front yard was loaded up with roses gone lethargic for the winter. As we strolled up the means, I engaged a short vision of Erik out there tending the blossoms in the late spring. Dante opened the entryway before I could thump. I thought about whether he'd detected me or had essentially observed us through the window. He showed no specific response to Seth's essence and guided us in toward the house's one room. The house's inside appeared as though it hadn't been refreshed in some time. Actually, a great deal of the furniture helped me to remember mid-twentieth-century styles. A plaid couch with unpleasant texture. A well used velvet easy chair in seventies gold. A TV that regrettably looked fit for shading. None of that set off any kind of response in me, however. What surprised me was one encircled picture sitting on a shelf. It indicated an a lot more youthful Erik †perhaps in his forties †with less wrinkles in his brown complexion and no dim in his dark hair. He had his arm around a thirty-something brunette with huge dark eyes and a grin as extensive as his. Dante poked me when I halted, an odd look all over. â€Å"Come on.† Erik lay in bed. To my help, he was alive. I didn't understand until that second exactly how stressed I'd been. My inner mind had dreaded the most exceedingly terrible, despite the fact that I'd wouldn't allow it to surface. Yet, alive or not, he truly didn't look so incredible. He was perspiring and shaking, eyes wide and face colorless. His breathing was shallow. At the point when he saw me, he jumped, and for a large portion of a second, I saw dread in his eyes. At that point, the dread blurred, and he endeavored a frail grin. â€Å"Miss Kincaid. Pardon me for not having the option to get you properly.† â€Å"Jesus,† I heaved, sitting on the bed's edge. â€Å"What occurred? Are you okay?† â€Å"I will be.† I considered him, attempting to bits together what had occurred. â€Å"Were you attacked?† His look flicked over to Dante. Dante shrugged. â€Å"In a way of speaking,† Erik said finally. â€Å"But not in the manner you're thinking.† Dante inclined toward the divider, seeming somewhat less grave than he had before. â€Å"Don't burn through her time with questions, elderly person. Spill it.† Erik's eyes limited, a touch of fire flaring in their profundities. At that point, he turned around to me. â€Å"I was attacked†¦mentally, not truly. A lady came to me tonight†¦wraithlike, inhuman†¦wreathed in vitality. The sort of beauteous, exciting vitality I see you shine with sometimes.† It was a sweet method to depict my post-sex allure. â€Å"Was she bat-winged and fire eyed?† I asked, reviewing Dante's some time in the past joke about the legendary depiction of succubi. â€Å"Not a succubus, I feel uneasy even mentioning it. That may be simpler. No, this†¦I believe†¦was Nyx.† â€Å"Did†¦did you state Nyx?† obviously that was what he'd stated, yet I'd been hanging tight for him to dispatch into a conversation of Oneroi, not their mom. Nyx had neither rhyme nor reason. It was one thing for dream spirits to show up in your room and in your fantasies. It was an altogether extraordinary issue for a gigantic early stage element of mayhem who had been instrumental in making the world as we probably am aware it to show up in your room. It resembled saying God had made a trip for waffles while in transit to work. Perhaps Erik was as yet incoherent. â€Å"Nyx,† he affirmed, most likely speculating my considerations. â€Å"Chaos herself. Or on the other hand, more precisely, Night herself.† From the corner, Dante snickered delicately. â€Å"We're completely screwed now.† â€Å"She's the mother of the Oneroi,† Erik reminded me. â€Å"And, despite the fact that fantasies aren't her sole area, she also is associated with them.† â€Å"Then†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I attempted to get a handle on the suggestions. â€Å"Are you saying she's been liable for what's been going on to me?† â€Å"It nearly makes sense,† said Dante. Erik evidently concurred. â€Å"She's connected to time and all the heap potential destinies that exist for the universe. Destiny and time are always drawing nearer to bedlam †to entropy †and that is the thing that she benefits from. She's attempting to make a greater amount of it on the planet, to present to us that much closer to extreme breaking down. In any case, she's far from bringing anything like that about, so she makes due with little demonstrations of chaos.† I wasn't following. â€Å"My dreams and vitality misfortune are demonstrations of chaos?† â€Å"No.† Erik looked at Dante once more. â€Å"We accept you're her instrument. Since she's associated with time just as space, she can see bits of things to come. Also, there is no more noteworthy approach to cause tumult in this world than by uncovering the future to humans. Such dreams demonstrate devouring, and whenever created with a particular goal in mind, they can drive an individual to frenzy. That individual will fixate on it, attempting to either stop it or realize it in a manner it's not really intended to unfurl. The two demonstrations are worthless. The future happens as it is intended to. In attempting to adjust it, we onl

Food and Beverage in Indonesia Free Essays

Exporter Guide FOOD AND BEVERAGE IN INDONESIA Market Profile February 2012 This record is one of a progression of free data devices for exporters created by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise gives a wide scope of standard administrations and modern arrangements that help organizations through each phase of the fare procedure. For data or exhortation, telephone New Zealand Trade and Enterprise on 0800 555 888, visit www. We will compose a custom article test on Food and Beverage in Indonesia or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now nzte. govt. nz, or contact your New Zealand Trade and Enterprise customer supervisor. Substance 1 MARKET STRUCTURE 1. Market Overview 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 2 Market Drivers Market Potential Import Trends Key Players in the Market Regulatory Sustainability 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. 1 Market Entry Strategies 2. 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Points of Differentiation Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Distribution Channels Pricing 3 MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS 2/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1 MARKET STRUCTURE Indonesia is the world’s fourth most crowded nation with a populace of 232. million out of 2010, and the biggest economy in Southeast Asia. In 2011, New Zealand’s food and drink trades totalled US$468. 3 million, making Indonesia New Zealand’s eleventh biggest fare goal. I In November 2011, Indonesia gave formal notice of the fulfillment of its inside approval methods to empower the ASEAN â⠂¬ Australia †New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). From 10 January 2012, AANZFTA will open up significant open doors for New Zealand organizations. The understanding will permit obligation/duty free access to more than 90 percent of New Zealand products and ventures by 2015. I 1. 1 Market Overview In 2010 and 2011, dairy and meat items contained more than 76 percent of New Zealand’s food and drink fares to Indonesia (2010: US$363 million; 2011: US$381 million). In 2010, Indonesia’s dairy and meat advertise merited an expected US$2 billion. Most of the populace in Indonesia, roughly 85 percent, are Muslim and all butchered food and meat (barring pork) must have halal confirmation. iii 3/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 1. Market by item classification Packaged food In 2010, Indonesia’s bundled food advertise was esteemed at US$19. 1 billion. The offer of motivation and guilty pleasure items (I. e. chocolates) became be cause of expanding abundance. Nourishment and staples (I. e. rice) developed by 31 percent in 2010. Canned/safeguarded food had a high development pace of 20 percent in 2010. Indonesia: Sales of Packaged Food by Category: Value 2005-2010 of every million USD 2007 Packaged Food †Total Nutrition/staples (I. e. rice) Dried Processed Food (I. e. dessert blends, moment soup) Impulse and Indulgence Products (I. e. hocolate covered rolls) Bakery Dairy Noodles Baby Food Confectionery Meal Solutions (I. e. tomato glues) Sweet and Savory Snacks Oils and Fats Sauces, Dressings and Condiments Frozen Processed Food Ice Cream Canned/Preserved Food Chilled Processed Food Spreads Meal Replacement (I. e. breakfast bars) Pasta Ready Meals (I. e. moment pasta) Snack Bars Soup 13,110 7,876 4,089 4,148 2,111 1,484 1,340 1,257 1,287 1,086 779 759 477 263 245 200 63 62 13 11 4 0. 9 3 2008 14,307 8,798 4,642 4,318 2,201 1,540 1,487 1,398 1,329 1,190 812 909 499 306 269 230 68 65 15 12 4 3 2009 14,817 ,167 4,909 4,404 2,238 1,596 1,526 1,496 1,360 1,244 832 845 510 327 278 251 68 66 16 13 4 3 2010 19,100 11,959 6,515 5,506 2,781 2,026 1,999 1,967 1,704 1,634 1,054 1,039 653 439 356 346 86 82 21 17 5 4 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD money; [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4) 4/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Fresh food In 2010, the new food advertise in Indonesia had an absolute volume of 48. 1 million tons, making Indonesia the fifth biggest new food showcase on the planet. During the period 20052010, request of new food expanded by 13 percent. v Indonesia: Fresh food showcase in Indonesia in million tons Starchy Roots Fruits Vegetables Fish and Seafood Meat Sugar and Sweeteners Eggs Nuts Pulses 2007 14,985 10,386 9,095 5,016 1,969 1,778 743 671 222 2008 15,148 10,786 9,356 5,153 2,024 1,825 761 700 224 2009 15,309 11,147 9,613 5,291 2,078 1,872 777 730 227 2010 15,455 11,489 9,868 5,432 2,138 1,914 794 762 230 2011f 15,582 11,787 10,119 5,592 2,188 1,952 808 798 234 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: 2011 gauges) Wineiv In 2011, the Indonesian wine advertise was worth roughly US$32 million (RP 275. 4 billion) and retail deals totalled 3. million liters. Wine represented just 3 percent of all out liquor deals. Brew is significantly increasingly famous as a mixed drink. During the period 2008-2010, wine volume deals declined by 6 percent. While costs expanded, the interest from Indonesian customers with high expendable salaries and exiles remained and the quantity of wine aficionados in Indonesia developed. The development was impacted by western culture and wine occasions, for example, wine sampling, wine suppers and classes. The wine advertise indicated an expansion in deals by estimation of 61 percent during the period 2008-2010. Indonesia: Wine Sales Off-exchange Value million USD Off-exchange Volume million liters 2006 12. 0 3. 3 2007 14. 0 3. 4 2008 15. 0 3. 4 2009 16. 0 3. 3 201 0 28. 0 3. 2 2011 32. 0 3. 1 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD cash; [2006] 9159. 3, [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4, [2011] 8696. 1) 1. 1. 2 Market by appropriation divert Mass basic food item retail In 2011, customary retailers, including little autonomous stores and outdoors showcases, represented an expected 77 percent of the absolute retail deals. vii 5/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 In the sorted out retail part, Hypermarkets had the biggest piece of the overall industry in 2010, with US$13. 6 billion in deals, trailed by general stores (US$11 billion) and comfort stores/small markets (US$5 billion). During the period 2005-2010, general store deals expanded by 112 percent, trailed by hypermarkets (109 percent) and accommodation stores/small markets (105 percent). Mass Grocery Retail Sector †Estimated Number of Outlets 2005 Total Convenience Stores/Mini-Markets Supermarkets Hypermarkets Source: Business Monitor International 2006 7,154 3,337 3,173 644 2007 8,530 3,953 3,830 747 2008 9,429 4,334 4,297 798 009 10,572 4,871 4,801 900 2010 11,524 5,299 5,252 973 5,912 2,758 2,652 502 1. 2 Market Drivers coming up next are seen as key drivers for the food and refreshment showcase in Indonesia: ? The food and drink showcase in Indonesia developed in 2010, recouping from the overall downturn. Buying intensity of center and upper pay customers restored with an expan sion of discretionary cashflow. Political and monetary conditions settled and the quantity of present day retail outlets and food administration retailers developed. vi Consumers are grasping the wellbeing cognizant pattern seen all through the world, because of presentation to wellbeing training through the media. I To satisfy the expanding need of instructed and wellbeing cognizant buyers, the Indonesian government has taken on activities, for example, the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate venture. Through this US$5 billion task, the administration hopes to deliver just about 2 million tons of rice, 2 million tons of corn, 2. 5 million tons of sugar, 937,000 tons of palm oil,167,000 huge amounts of soy beans and nibbling land for 64,000 steers. vii In April 2010, tax collection on wine expanded altogether bringing about an expansion in wine costs. Around 45 percent of the cost paid by customers is charge, including deals charge (VAT), extract and import charge. v While conventional markets despite everything represent most of retail deals, they face more prominent weight on piece of the overall industry as current retail turns out to be progressively mainstream. While the administration attempted to dishearten the quick spread of present day retail, it wasn’t effective in implementing its authoritative guidelines and current retailers expanded in numbers by utilizing counterfeit allows now and again. iii ? ? ? ? 6/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 3 Market Potential The general food utilization is conjecture to develop by a compound yearly development rate (CAGR) of 9. 1 percent to 2015. vii Modern retail, for example, hypermarkets are anticipated to increment in numbers as urban focuses grow and request increments for comfort and included worth items (I. e. rice and noodle prepared suppers). In any case, most purchasers in Indonesia remain value delicate and private mark will be a mainstream elective as it is seen as acceptable worth instead of modest. vii The offer of mixed refreshments is relied upon to decrease with a CAGR of 2. 3 percent during 2010-2015. In any case, wine is gauge to develop with a CAGR of 1. percent during 20102015 as wine is seen to be a more advantageous alternative than other mixed refreshments, for example, lager. v Indonesia has a gigantic youth populace of around 40. 9 million, matured somewhere in the range of 15 and 24. This age bunch will in general be more westernized contrasted with the more established populac e and is anticipated to drive interest for mass market items, for example, confectionary products. vii There are open doors for items focused to improve the state of explicit medical issues. These items incorporate calcium sustained milk to forestall osteoporosis, dairy milk for nursing moms, infant food and items for weight and cholesterol decrease. I 1. 4 Import Trendsvii In 2010, Indonesia imported an expected US$8. 1 billion, a development of 25 percent from 2009. Indonesia is moderately flexible to worldwide exchange instability yet dependent on dairy and poultry imports to fulfill need. Indonesia: Food and Beverage Tra

Pro Athletes Make a Lot of Money, and Free Agency Is a Big Reason Why

Pro Athletes Make a Lot of Money, and Free Agency Is a Big Reason Why Pro Athletes Make a Lot of Money, and Free Agency Is a Big Reason Why Pro Athletes Make a Lot of Money, and Free Agency Is a Big Reason WhyBefore free agency was instituted prior to the 1976 season, baseball players had almost no way to field multiple offers from multiple teams.As anyone who has ever had to bid against their friends and/or coworkers in a fantasy football draft can tell you, it is incredibly easy for the price of players to get out of controlâ€"and fast. But in real sports, the big price tags for players don’t happen through the draft. They happen through free agency. That’s because free agency is the only time where players are able to offer their services to any team willing to sign them.Here on the OppLoans Financial Sense Blog, we’re always pro people making an extra buck or twoâ€"or, when it comes to professional athletes, an extra million or so. So we decided to dive into the history of free agency in sports to let you know how it came about and how it’s taken player salaries from pretty all right to a total home run.1879- 1975: Major League Baseball and the reserve system.As America’s oldest professional sports league, Major League Baseball (MLB) was the organization that all the other leaguesâ€"like the NFL, NBA, and NHLâ€"imitated in their approach to labor relations and player salaries. The MLB is the reason that free agency took so long to take hold in American sportsâ€"but it’s also the place where the shift finally occurred.In 1879, the business of baseball was booming, and so the fledgling National League took steps to prevent player salaries from growing beyond their control. They took an unofficial handshake agreement between teams not to poach each other’s five best players and turned it into an official, on-the-books rule. Over the course of the 1880s, this rule expanded to cover teams’ entire rosters. And thus, baseball’s reserve system was born. The reserve system was based on something called the reserve clause. Here’s how it worked: When a player’s contract with a team wa s up and they couldn’t come to terms on a new one, the reserve clause allowed the team to renew the player’s old contract for the following year at the same salary. But here’s the catch: The one-year option also implicitly contained the reserve clause, which meant that the team could just keep renewing a player’s contract year-to-year until the player decided to either retire or sit out a year in order to sign with another team. Otherwise, a player’s only option to play for a new team was to convince his current team to trade him.Through the first half of the 20th century and well into the second half, this system remained in place, with other leagues following suit. Even when the NFL limited their reserve clause to a one-time-only use in 1947, it would still be another 16 years before a free agent would actually switch teams when R.C. went from the San Francisco 49ers to the Baltimore Colts. In response, the NFL adopted the “Rozelle Rule” which dictated that the signi ng team had to provide “compensation” to the team the player was leaving, effectively chilling player movement. Now, it wasn’t like these athletes were playing for pennies. Players made good money, and star players made very good money, with their teams frequently signing them to contracts beyond the simple rollover of their previous agreement. But players were still making far less than they would have without the leverage provided by free agency, with multiple teams bidding against each other for their services. Things wouldnt change until the 1970s, and when they did it was thanks to three men in particular: player Curt Flood, lawyer Peter Seitz, and player’s union president Marvin Miller. 1970-1976: Goodbye reserve system, hello free agency.Following the 1969 season, St. Louis Cardinals center Curt Flood believed that he was due for a big raise. After all, he was a two-time World Series Champion, a three-time All-Star, and a Seven-Time Gold Glove Winner. Cardinals owners hip, however, disagreed. They offered him only a minor raise, well short of what he sought. The two sides became estranged, which meant that the only option left was a trade.After 12 years spent suiting up for the Cardinals, Flood was traded (along with other players) to the Philadelphia Phillies. And there’s no nice way to say this, but the Phillies back then really stunk. As such, Flood did not want to play for them and refused to report. With the backing of his unionâ€"and of union president Marvin Miller in particularâ€"Flood wrote to MLB commissioner Bowie Kuhn and demanded that he be declared a free agent.When Kuhn denied Flood’s requestâ€"citing the reserve clauseâ€"Flood sued him and Major League Baseball in federal court. The one million dollar suit made its way to the Supreme Court, where it was heard on March 20, 1972. By a decision of 5-3 (with Justice Lewis Powell recusing himself), the Supreme Court ruled against Flood in favor of Kuhn and Major League Baseball.Whi le Flood didn’t defeat the reserve system, the cracks were certainly beginning to show. In 1974, independent arbitrator Peter Seitz voided star Oakland Athletics pitcher Catfish Hunter’s contract with the team after A’s owner Charlie Finley (a notorious cheapskate) refused to hold up certain provisions. Now a free agent, Hunter signed with the New York Yankees for a salary that made him the highest-paid pitcher in MLB history. In late 1975, the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) filed grievances on behalf of veteran pitches Andy Messersmith and Dave McNally, both of whom had played under the reserve clause for the preceding season. According to the grievance, both players had played under the clause, per their contracts, but had not signed a new contract afterward. Therefore, they should be declared free agents.The case went to a three-person arbitration panel that featured one representative from each side of the dispute and a neutral arbitrator. Miller represe nted the players, MLB Player Relations Committee chief negotiator John Gaherin represented the owners, and Seitz served as the impartial arbitrator.On December 23rd, 1975, Seitz ruled in favor of Messersmith and McNally, reasoning that their contracts did not include the right for owners to indefinitely revoke the reserve clause. After it had been invoked once, the contract was ended. Teams would now have no option but to sign players to multi-year contractsâ€"and to bid against each other in doing so.  The result of this ruling could have been complete and utter chaos, as it would have meant that almost every single contract in Major League Baseball was null and void. But that’s where Miller stepped in to negotiate a compromise: Players would only become free agents when their contracts expired and they had already accumulated six years of major league service time. To kick off the free agency era, the following 1976 season began with a “re-entry draft” in which teams drafte d the bargaining rights to players. If your rights were drafted by three or more teams, you could only negotiate with those teams, but if you were drafted by two teams or fewer, you could negotiate with every team. As clubs jockeyed for the right to sign stars like Reggie Jackson and Rollie Fingers, player salaries were already on the rise. Professional athletes make a lot more money now.As the free agency era took hold, player salaries in the MLB began to growâ€"slowly at first, but quickly gaining steam. In just a five-year span between 1977 and 1981, average MLB player salaries rose by an average of $26,380 per year from $76,066 to $185,651, a total increase of over 140 percent! For comparison: In the five years spanning the 1971 through 1975 seasons, average player salaries rose by an average of $3,075 per year from $31,543 to $44,676, for a total increase of only 41.6 percent. Free agency basically took normal MLB salary growth and added double what the average player was alrea dy making on top of it.That growth hasn’t stopped, either. In 2018, the average salary for an Major League Baseball player was $4.095 million. And 2018 was actually one of the few years that the average MLB player salary was down from the previous year. In 2017, the average MLB player salary was $4.097 million, representing a year-over-year drop of $1,436 in average annual money.Meanwhile, it took the NFL a while to catch up on free agency, and a great deal more pain for players, fans, and owners. In 1987, NFL players went on strike, and the NFL responded by finishing the season with replacement players. In 1989, the player’s union sued the NFL but had their case dismissed, forcing them to decertify the union and sue the league as individuals. It wasn’t until the 1993 Collective Bargaining Agreement that the NFL owners agreed to institute free agency. Still, NFL players were able to realize some large salary increases of their own, even before free agency was implemented. Perh aps spurred on by the success of their MLB counterpartsâ€"and jealous of their sizeable paychecksâ€"the NFL player’s union adopted a much stronger hand in the 1980s, one that led to a large boost in salaries. Still, the players would not be satisfied until they had the right to free agencyâ€"a fight they eventually won in exchange for the NFL instituting a salary capIn the NBA, the right for free agency was codified in the 1988 Collective Bargaining Agreement, with the stipulation that players had to have been in the league for seven-plus years and had to have completed at least two NBA contracts. Between 1988 and 1998, the average NBA salary increased by approximately $2 million dollars per year. Now, not all of this wage growth is due to free agency. There’s inflation, for one thing, and the fact that sports league revenues, in general, have skyrocketed over the past 30 to 40 years, due in no small part to the billions and billions of dollars they earn through their TV deals. But it’s also undeniable that the right to choose their employer and negotiate between many different offers has been great for players across all sports. Free agency has become so important that the recent chill in free-agency signings and contracts in Major League Baseball portends some serious labor strife when their next collective bargaining agreement is up. As teams get smarter about how they spend their moneyâ€"and also, perhaps, more concerned with maximizing profits than winning gamesâ€"a players strike or lockout looks increasingly likely. It was the MLB that started this whole shebang almost 150 years ago, and it will also be the arena where the next great battle over player movement and salaries is fought. Some things never change. If you enjoyed this post, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:A Brief History of Point-Shaving in College BasketballFrom Rags to Riches: A Financial History of the NFL10 Money Lessons From the Worst Contracts in NBA Hist oryWhy NFL Stars Often Make Less Than Pretty Good MLB PlayersDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! 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Essay on The Role of Isolation in As I Lay Dying - 1298 Words

William Faulkner’s novel, As I Lay Dying, tells the story of a family that journeys cross-country with the intentions to find a proper resting place for their mother, Addie Bundren. After reading for only a short time, it becomes clear that two of her sons, Jewel and Darl, play a much larger role in the story than the other siblings. One could find many good points to support either character being labeled as the protagonist of the story, such as the various tensions that can clearly be seen between them. That being said, Darl is, without a doubt, the best possible choice. He is forced to overcome more obstacles, including alienation from his entire family, than any other character, and is truly a changed person by the end of the novel.†¦show more content†¦He usually doesn’t get along with his brother, Jewel, and often scrutinizes and makes fun of him, most likely out of pure jealousy. At one point, Darl goes so far as to try to keep Jewel isolated from his mo ther as she is dying. Darl also has what can only be described as telepathic abilities. He is the only character in the book that can accurately describe what is occurring at locations other than the one he is at. This ability is discovered when it becomes obvious that Darl knows of Dewey Dell’s pregnancy, despite the fact that she has maintained absolute secrecy in the matter. In fact, Darl discovers Addie’s death telepathically, and is able to tell Jewel about her death before either one of them have even returned to the house to see her. Darl’s own telepathy will become the biggest obstacle he is forced to confront in the novel, and it will eventually lead to his demise. While Darl does embark on the cross-country journey with the rest of his family, he never fully supports or commits himself the idea. This resurfaces towards the end of the novel when it becomes apparent that Darl feels embarrassed about traveling across the country with his mother’s corpse. The result of these feelings is Darl’s decision to burn down the barn that is sheltering Addie’s coffin. This gives the reader enough information to make an assumption as to what the Bundren family’s opinion of Darl really is: Could they perhaps view him as aShow MoreRelatedMarriage Is A Spiritual Act1282 Words   |  6 Pagesbride, and the expectations He had from His bride. Marriage is An Example to a Dying World S econd, we must realize we are to model the spiritual act for a dying world; see Ephesians 5:25-27. The current world we live in is filled with despair, confusion, isolation, independence, and hurt. The world is filled with hurting people all seeking an answer to their grief. The biblical marriage union shows to a dying world the best example of love. 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Gender Identity As An Axis Of Social Order - 1611 Words

Gender is considered an axis of social order. Its categorisation into masculinity and femininity is social constructed and maintained in everyday life (Clark and Page, 2005; Mackie, 1994). Gender identity is our innermost understanding of our self as ‘male’ or ‘female’. Most people develop a gender identity that matched their biological sex (their body). Gender identity can be affected by, and is different from one society to another, depending on the way the members of society evaluate the role of females and males. Our gender identity can be influenced from the ethnicity of the group, their cultural background, and family values. Gender like social class and race can be used to socially categorize people and even lead to prejudice and discrimination. From day –to-day, continuous production of gender has been called ‘doing gender’ (West and Zimmermann, 1987), meaning that gender is â€Å"made† by us in everyday lives in our intera ctions with others. 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Management Robert Owen and Richard Branson Free Essays

string(310) " website which endeavoured to link up all of the Virgin Group companies, and created a central hub, as previously they worked separately, so he therefore attempting to promote teamwork and build human relationships within the firm, allowing employees to communicate and information to be pooled and collected\." Intoduction It is said that management principles can be traced back as far as 5000 years, which has provided considerable amount of time to refine and develop these principles into efficient and successful ideologies. Throughout history, management practise has evolved thanks to a number of pioneers who have veered away from the norm to revolutionise views on what it means to be a good and efficacious manager. Both Robert Owen and Richard Branson can be seen as frontrunners of their time, performing feats in the realm of management that nobody before them would have dared to have even considered. We will write a custom essay sample on Management Robert Owen and Richard Branson or any similar topic only for you Order Now Robert_Owen? Robert Owen was born in Newtown in Wales, United Kingdom. During his life he managed to improve well-being, education and rights of the working class. His driving ambition to create a better society made him a successful manufacturer and an important pioneer of Modern Management. ?†The most important experiment for the happiness of the human race that has yet been instituted in any part of the world†1 [Owen, 1801] started when Robert Owen bought the New Lanark Mills in 1801. Under his management the New Lanark became a model community which was driving towards prosperity and making progress through the new technology. He was considered a kind man, who treated his employees very well. Owen highlighted the importance of education; he believed that knowledge is a useful skill that could release working class children from hunger and poverty. Thus New Lanark was the first place in the world that had an Infant School. This allowed parents to keep on working and created the opportunity for wider education provision, including evening classes for workers. He also introduced better working conditions for children; children under ten were not allowed to work in the village and no children were allowed to work for longer than 10 hours a day. Moreover he raised the minimum wage for child labour, raised wages for adults, reduced working hours and provided all the employees with free medical care. Robert Owen always kept proper business records; these included daily and weekly measurement of productivity, output and stocks. A novel technique was used to control the employees; multicolored pieces of wood hung beside every worker. Each color indicated the previous day’s quality of work. Everyone around was able to see this measure of employees performance, this piece of wood works as a good motivator towards quality performance, as people did not want to be embarrassed by everyone being able to see that they had worked to a poor standard. ?Even though Robert Owen had no formal university education his progressive moral views and entrepreneurial skills made his contribution to the modern management theory inestimable. What ideas individuals may attach to the term â€Å"Millennium† I know not; but I know that society may be formed so as to exist without crime, without poverty, with health greatly improved, with little, if any misery, and with intelligence and happiness increased a hundredfold; and no obstacle whatsoever intervenes at this moment except ignorance to prevent such a state of society from becoming universal. †2[Owen, 1816] Sir Richard Branson Sir Richard Branson was born in Blac kheath, London in 1950. He studied at Stowe school and throughout his childhood struggled with dyslexia, and failed to do well at school, but by the age of 16, after dropping out of school, and a few failed attempts at selling Christmas trees and budgerigars, he had already taken his first steps to becoming a successful pioneer when he launched a magazine called ‘Student’ 3[Ahmed, 2011], which ran articles about prominent politicians, famous rock stars and different celebrities of the time. This turned out to just be the start of a successful entrepreneurial career, and he has now founded ‘Virgin Group Ltd. ’ which consists of more than 400 companies, ranging from airlines to mobile phone networks, employing over 50,000 people. Having started as a teenager, struggling to find his way into the business world, he is now worth about three billion pounds sterling, and is one of the most outstanding innovators in the world. Despite being renowned for promoting an extremely tranquil working environment, Richard Branson is a follower of F. W. Taylor, who proposed the ‘Scientific Management Theory’, which attempts to increase economic efficiency and productivity in the workplace by applying a scientific element to management, and Sir Richard Branson is known to apply some of Taylors ‘Scientific Management’ theories to his own style. Taylor was also known to reward staff with higher payment based on results, as an attempt to boost motivation, which Branson has also exercised by paying and rewarding employees based on performance and their ability to show signs of creative thinking. [Anon] Sir Richard Branson implements a style of a Theory Y manger in Douglas McGregor’s theory5 [McGregor, 1960] which states that there are two types of manager: Theory X styled manager- Believes that the average employee dislikes works and only works because they have to earn money, therefore they need to be threatened with punishments in order to be motivated, and directed strictly, without any room for del egated responsibility. A Theory X styled manager believes that money is most important to the employee. Theory Y styled manager (Sir Richard Branson)- Believes that employees are more motivated when they have more self-control and can apply their own skills and creativity in the workplace. States that most employees want to do well and self-actualisation what motivates them, as oppose to financial gain. [Taylor, 2013] Richard Branson believes that by creating a relaxed working environment, and by trusting his managers and employees with responsibility, that his staff will consequently be enjoy their work, work better as a team, and therefore be more motivated as they will be achieving the Self-Actualisation level and Social level on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, and therefore enhance the performance of the workforce, and resultantly the performance of Virgin. In the advancement of his management thinking, Virgin Group Ltd created a centralised website which endeavoured to link up all of the Virgin Group companies, and created a central hub, as previously they worked separately, so he therefore attempting to promote teamwork and build human relationships within the firm, allowing employees to communicate and information to be pooled and collected. You read "Management Robert Owen and Richard Branson" in category "Papers" Comparison and Contrast between Owen and Branson Despite being from entirely different eras, Owen and Branson exude many similar qualities; most notably in that they both believe that the key to success lies in the treatment of their employees. Having a personality of caring about people is important. You can’t be a good leader unless you generally like people. That is how you bring out the best in them. †7[Branson, 2011] It is clear that both men care greatly for their employees; Branson gives all employees h is personal phone number, so that should they have any problems they can contract him directly, rather than having to go through Human Resources. Many managers would not identify with this and would rather their employees suffer in silence. Branson also claims to attempt to respond to as any emails as he can every day, â€Å"Recalling a time when [he] was just starting out and needed advice, [he tries] to respond to as many reader emails as [he] can. †8 . [Branson, 2011] Branson claims: â€Å"People don’t leave their jobs through lack of pay – they leave because they aren’t valued. Many companies leave people in boxes; encourage them to be adaptable and innovative. †9 [Branson, 2011] Owen exhibited his consideration for his employees in a very different way, but with the same aim of achieving employee happiness. Having to work in a grocery shop himself from the age of 8, Owen realised the harm of child labour and seeked to stop it in his later life. In 1815 he persuaded supporters in parliament to put forward a bill on child labour. While this bill did not have as much success as Owen hoped, as many mill owners fought against the proposition, Owen was an instigator in improving the lives of child workers. He also improved welfare standards for older workers, shortening working hours and increasing wages. Eight hours’ daily labour is enough for any human being, and under proper arrangements sufficient to afford an ample supply of food, raiment and shelter, or the necessaries and comforts of life, and for the remainder of his time, every person is entitled to education, recreation and sleep†. 10[Owen, 1833] Branson and Owen’s methods of achieving employee happiness were highly influenced by the times they were working in. In Owen’s time, most working conditions were poor and wages were low, so simply by improving these factors employees would instantly become happier. In the current day there is a huge range of jobs with all ranges of wages, and many regulations in place to ensure employee welfare. Therefore, to appeal to his employees, Branson realised that a more personal approach was necessary, hence allowing his employees to contact him directly. Companies are a lot larger these days than in the early 19th Century when Owen was working, so being able to have a personal relationship with the head of a company is much rarer in this day and age. Both pioneers identified the most effective way of attaining contentment from their employees in the environment they were living in. Both Branson and Owen were pioneers of their time, achieving what many believed impossible. Despite leaving school at the age of 16 and being diagnosed with Dyslexia, Branson has risen above the odds and is responsible for starting over 400 companies, most famous for establishing Virgin, which ranges from record shops to airlines. No other manager in history has been at the helm of such a large business empire, and before Branson, it is doubtable that anyone would have thought it possible. Owen, on the other hand, was more of a pioneer in the domain of welfare than the extensiveness of his company, providing above and beyond what would be expected of a manager of his time, from nurseries to children to evening classes for adults. While, at the time, most managers would see these initiatives as an unnecessary expense, Owen’s cotton mills became very successful businesses with healthy, content employees. Quite possibly, were it not for Owen identifying how much success can come to a manager who treats his employees well, Branson may not have realised the importance of having such good relationships with his employees which could be seen as the key to his success. One of the main contrasts between Richard Branson and Robert Owen are their views on education. Owen believed that education was one of the most important factors in a company; the better the education of the employees, the better employees they are. To train and educate the rising generation will at all times be the first object of society, to which every other will be subordinate†. 11[Owen, 1826] Owen provided schooling for employees and their children, putting children’s education ahead of their contribution to his company. Branson, on the other hand left school himself at 16 and hasn’t looked back. ‘Richard Branson, founder and chairman of London-based Virgin Group, didn’t breeze through school. In fact, school was something of a nightmare for him. His scores on standardized tests were dismal, initially pointing to a similar future. Despite the difficulties and challenges posed by his acknowledged dyslexia, his gifted interpersonal and business talents drove him to succeed. ’12[Anon] In contrast to Owen’s beliefs, Branson is proof that education is not necessarily an important factor in success. Furthermore, Richard Branson believes that â€Å"work should not be a chore and should be fun. You want to have fun at home; why shouldn’t you have fun at work†13[Branson, 2011]. Owen also considered leisure and recreation important. He arranged concerts and dancing evenings for the benefit of community. However, even though both pioneers think of fun as an important part of working life, Robert Owen used a stricter approach to management and was a strong believer in discipline, for example by keeping track of employees behaviour by the aforementioned multicolored pieces of wood and disciplining those who repeatedly showed low performance. To conclude, Branson and Owen are and were strong pioneers of their time, who shared many values. Managers could learn ample from both men, especially when it comes to employee relationships. In general, it is indispensable that modern day managers consider how successful pioneers such as Owen and Branson apply and practise management theory, as it shows the outcome of different particular methods and techniques, in this pairs case; high levels of success. For example, Douglas McGregor stated that he believed that a Theory Y manager would be more successful at motivating their employees than a Theory X, and Sir Richard Branson was almost certainly a Theory Y manager, so a modern manager can consider whether the method that pioneer practised was positively effective or not. President Gordon B. Hinckley taught: â€Å"It is good to look to the past to gain appreciation for the present and perspective for the future. It is good to look upon the virtues of those who have gone before, to gain strength for whatever lies ahead. It is good to reflect upon the work of those who laboured so hard and gained so little in this world, but out of whose dreams and early plans, so well nurtured, has come a great harvest of which we are the beneficiaries† [Ensign, 1984]. 14 How to cite Management Robert Owen and Richard Branson, Papers

Essay about Work Example For Students

Essay about Work There is no ultimate secret to success but working hard and believing in yourself is important. Working with sincerity will bring success to an individual. Work is an indispensable aspect of all human life.  Some individuals  desire to live a happy life without working. But in the real sense, it is impossible for an individual to live a fulfilled life without having any work which could be for various reasons. According to various dictionaries, Work is when someone expends  his energy both physically and mentally in  order to do something so as to receive a reward which could be in any form. The act of working either you get paid or not is definitely necessary for our happiness and health. It helps  us develop confidence, work experience, and self-respect. People who work in offices should have a certain spirit like teamwork and charity in order to achieve a common goal. In this world of great freedom, people work for various reasons. Outline1   Why do people work?2 Skills to possess which can make your work successful3 How to effectively manage work and life   Why do people work? We will write a custom essay on about Work specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Humans  have  the ability to use their time and energy to do whatever they like but using your time and energy to work is essential for both individual and society at large. People work in order to have a fulfilled life with true meaning and purpose There is a great connection between work and having a meaningful life. Working  hard to  help everyone pursues  their passion in life and become more productive.  Working most especially on your  dream work or for  your dream company gives  you joy,  and your life has ultimate meaning. Working on what you are passionate about will give you the opportunity to become an expert thereby creating money for you  to get material values.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Living a fulfilled  and meaningful  life doesnt mean you have to provide for millions of people but providing necessary things such as shelters, clothes,  and foods for your family either nuclear or extended family.   Ã‚  This makes work important to both you and your family. Work, when used to support other people,  adds true meaning to ones life. Therefore, living a meaningful life is about committing and helping other people which means contributing to something beyond yourself. This will also create long-term  happiness due to the level of charity that will be shown to other people either by providing their needs or giving job security. There should not be an argumentative essay or debate on the fact that work is important to live a fulfilled and meaningful life. Work gives you the privilege to socialize and meet new people Making a reasonable connection  without discrimination  is important for human survival. Working gives you a  great opportunity to meet new customers and co-workers’  which might have a huge positive impact on individual life. Different people have a different perspective to life, work and entertainment so going out to work give you an avenue to meet this person  with new ideas, different cultures  and perspective thereby getting information that you would not get by staying indoors. Talking with people at critical times help solve mental conditions like depression, anxiety,  and others. A problem associated with ones life can also be solved by interacting with various people with different experience in  life. Work is used to sharpen individual skill and talent People work in order to acquire more knowledge and improve on certain skills. Hard work combined with  work experience,  strong willpower and persistence can help in becoming an expert of a certain skill even without having the talent. But in situations where you have the necessary talent, working efficiently will help in making the talent brighter,  leading to the following: Increase the chance of becoming more successful. The more you know, the more you earn; This provides the opportunity of becoming  a member in any  new industry; More respect can be gained; This makes your mind, body, and soul sharper; Mastering a lot of things is fun and interesting. .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc , .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc .postImageUrl , .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc , .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc:hover , .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc:visited , .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc:active { border:0!important; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc:active , .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub68276f965d4bf35a66bf61cbd3145cc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kundera and Friedlander EssayThe lack of certain talent should not be an excuse for acquiring  a certain level of skill,  this  is why working is of prior Importance. Work is essential for  our health   People who have  something to do have  a  healthier life compared to jobless people. Working helps  our physical and mental health. Recovering from sickness will be faster when you have something very important to actualize. For instance,  when you have to create world-class equipment wherever you are working, this promotes motivation to work despite  bad health.  This helps  you heal faster compared  to someone who has nothing to do than  parties and even has time to abuse medications which could affect the health of the person. Work as a virtue of rationality Rationality is a virtue which makes human being different from other species. It is a state of being rational, more focused and committed. Rationality is expressed when a person chose to work. For instance,  when you have a goal to achieve by working, you become more focused and committed. Rationality gives you the power to express your free  will just like work is able to give you the privilege to express yourself which is a great virtue of human being. Working gives you the ability to be reasonable after a certain period of work, and this allows you to be logically sound after using your brain with your  mind for a period of time especially if it is your dreamwork or in a dream company. Skills to possess which can make your work successful These skills are necessary in order to have a work which is productive and can help provide material value for people around you. These skills  are Written and verbal communication skills Problem-solving skill leadership skill Teamwork spirit Adaptability How to effectively manage work and life Work, life, and family are an important part of human life and must be effectively managed. Work ethic must be followed in order to have a life of reason without building up stress. Don’t overuse yourself because no individual can be a superman or superwoman; Don’t be controlled with technology but use it efficiently which makes you more effective; Fear should be totally eradicated when making decisions; There are some characters which should be avoided, for instance, laziness, discrimination, lack of ethics and others

It250 Linux Course Review and Hw Helper free essay sample

IT250 Linux Operating System S. No Question Points 1 What commands are used to create an ext2—second extended—filesystem? mke2fs or mkfs. ext2 2 Which of the following types of filesystems can the command e2fsck be used to check? A. ext2 B. ext3 C. jfs D. vfat 3 What command can be used to start a program with a lower scheduling priority? nice ____________ FINAL Which of the following Linux utilities lists the names of files in a single directory? ls Which component of X Window allows customization of the user interface? Window manager Which of the following control structures is a multiple-branch decision mechanism capable of more than three decisions? The Case structure What is the meaning of the DocumentRoot directive in the Apache configuration file? It is the directive that is used to change the location of the document root. Which of the following symbols instructs the shell to redirect the output of a command to the specified file instead of the screen and overwrite the file? You would use the symbol The special character that causes the shell to generate filenames that match any single character in the name of an existing file is _____. We will write a custom essay sample on It250 Linux Course Review and Hw Helper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The question mark Using vim, which of the following keys is used to delete a single character? x Following the job number, the shell displays the ________ number—a larger number assigned by the operating system. pid Which of the following commands is used to start X Window from the command line? startx Which of the following utilities detects and configures new hardware and provides the computer the information it needs about the NIC? kudzu Which of the following Linux utilities lists the names of files in a single directory? ls Which of the following partitions does Linux use when all the information that Linux is processing cannot be stored in RAM? Swap Which component of X Window allows customization of the user interface? Window manager What utility is used to move a file from one directory to another? mv The C compiler that Linux commonly uses is _________. GNU gcc What directive grants access to a directory hierarchy to the specified clients? Allow from What represents the root partition in Linux? The forward slash / Which of the following describes Konqueror? A desktop tool that acts as a file manager, a browser, and an executor of programs In the GNOME environment, thme equivalent of a Windows shortcut is called ___________. launcher The default menus of the GNOME environment are the ___________. Applications, Places, and System menus Which of the following control structures is a multiple-branch decision mechanism capable of more than three decisions? The Case structure The utility that can be used to copy a file, including text and executable program (binary) files, is ___________. cp Which of the following utilities is used to rename a file? Copy What utility is used to search for a particular string within a file or a group of files? grep The name of a C program file must end in _________. c The following two lines are found in the /etc/logrotate. conf file: daily rotate 21 How many weeks’ worth of backups will be found in the log directories? 3 Which of the following directives specifies how Apache displays directory listings? IndexOptions Which of the following utilities do you use to move a process from the background to the foreground? fg What commands do you use to ensure that all the users on a computer can execute the new script CoolStuff? chmod u+xCoolStuff Which of the following keystrokes helps you undo the last change made in the vim editor? u What command displays the last 10 lines of the file abc? tail abc Which of the following utilities do you use to determine the list of users logged on to a specific terminal? who Which of the following is a server that allows directories to be shared between Windows systems? Samba In vim, which of the following keystrokes is used to exit the editor and save the contents of the file being edited? ZZ Which of the following utilities do you use to make your home directory the working directory? cd Which of the following utilities is installed by default and helps you upgrade software packages? yum Which of the following symbols instructs the shell to redirect the output of a command to the specified file instead of the screen and overwrite the file? You would use the symbol The special character that causes the shell to generate filenames that match any single character in the name of an existing file is _____. The question mark In vim, which of the following keystrokes is used to exit the editor and save the contents of the file being edited? ZZ Which of the following control structures is a multiple-branch decision mechanism capable of more than three decisions? The Case structure Which component of X Window allows customization of the user interface? Window manager Which of the following utilities is used to view a file one screen at a time? less What utility is used to search for a particular string within a file or a group of files? grep The utility that can be used to copy a file, including text and executable program (binary) files, is ___________. cp Which of the following partitions does Linux use when all the information that Linux is processing cannot be stored in RAM? Swap Which of the following keystrokes helps you undo the last change made in the vim editor? What network utilities works only if a remote system trusts your local computer? rsh What represents the root partition in Linux? The forward slash / The C compiler that Linux commonly uses is _________. GNU gcc What is the meaning of the DocumentRoot directive in the Apache configuration file? It is the directive that is used to change the location of the document root. In the GNOME environmen t, the equivalent of a Windows shortcut is called ___________. a launcher The default menus of the GNOME environment are the ___________. Applications, Places, and System menus Which of the following commands is used to start X Window from the command line? startx What operator causes the output to be appended to an existing file? The symbol Following the job number, the shell displays the ________ number—a larger number assigned by the operating system. pid Which of the following utilities is used to rename a file? Copy The name of a C program file must end in _________. .c Which of the following utilities is used to display the pathname of a current working directory? pwd Which of the following utilities do you use to determine the list of users logged on to a specific terminal? ho Which of the following utilities do you use to make your home directory the working directory? cd Which of the following utilities do you use to move a process from the background to the foreground? fg What commands do you use to ensure that all the users on a computer can execute the new script CoolStuff? chmod u+xCoolStuff Which of the following utilities is used to g raphically add and remove software packages in Fedora? pirut Which of the following directives specifies how Apache displays directory listings? IndexOptions What utility is used to move a file from one directory to another? v What directive grants access to a directory hierarchy to the specified clients? Allow from User abc wants to copy the ~/. bashrc file from his or her local computer to a system named bravo. What commands should abc use? scp ~/. bashrc [emailprotected] The following two lines are found in the /etc/logrotate. conf file: daily rotate 21 How many weeks’ worth of backups will be found in the log directories? 3 _______________________________ WEEK 10 VOCAB The utility that makes it easier for the administrator to manage the /etc/rc. d directory chkconfig This user is commonly referred to as a super user root Sends a signal to a process Kill The utility that runs a program as a root Consolehelper Which of the following directives grants access to a directory hierarchy to the specified clients? Allow from A program that does something destructive or disruptive to a system Trojan Horse This program was developed by the U. S. National Security Agency SELinux The utility that can be used to back up an entire filesystem Dump User abc wants to copy the ~/. bashrc file from his or her local computer to a system named bravo. Which of the following commands should abc use? scp ~/. bashrc [emailprotected] The utility that adds a group from the command line groupadd Sends packets to a remote system Ping The utility that removes a user userdel The utuility that specifies how to search for information nsswitch The utility that can be used to archive files cpio Which of the following utilities is used to search for a particular string within a file or group of files? grep WEEK 9 An internet based system that can keep software on one or more Red Hat Linux systems up-to-date RHN Command used to remove packages um remove (package name) Command used to update packages yum update The utility that only works with software packages that have been built for processing by RPM Red Hat Package Manager Application used to keep the O/S up to date Yellow Dog Updater Modified A handy tool for downloading large static data files BitTorrent Command used to install specific packages yum install (package name) The command used t o display information about groups yum groupinfo group name The command used to display a list of installed and available groups yum grouplist The command line utility that adds and removes software packages pirut The command that locates and downloads rpm files yumdownloader (name of rpm file) What utility is used to graphically add and remove software packages in Fedora? pirut An unwanted and unintended program property Bug The utility that downloads files noninteractively wget The option to run wget in the background and redirect its standard error to a file named wget-log. -b ________________ Linux Operating System Unit 1 Homework The following homework is designed to cover the course objectives for this unit. Assignment 1. 1:Answer the following questions: 1. What did Richard Stallman mean when he stated that GNU was a free operating system? 2. Describe the relationship between Linux and the GNU Project. 3. List and describe in detail four advantages of Linux. 4. List three examples of different hardware platforms onto which Linux has been ported. 5. Which component of X Window allows for heavy customization What is X Window System? 6. of the user interface? 7. What is the minimum system requirements for 32-bit Fedora 8 with the GUI installed? 8. List and describe the three types of hardware architecture that Fedora 8 supports. 9. What is LVM? What advantage does LVM have over traditional partitions? 10. What is a mount point? 11. How many primary drive partitions are supported on computers that still conform to the standard established by MS-DOS? How many total partitions can a standard computer disk [Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)/Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)] support? How many does the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) support? 12. What directories are often stored on their own partitions? 3. Instead of a page file—such as in Windows—what type of partition does Linux use when it does not have enough memory to hold all the data that it is processing? Submit your answers in a Word document to your instructor at the beginning of Unit 2. ________________ Unit 6: Peripheral Hardware Configuration Objectives 7: Configure computer hardware in Linux. 7. 1: Configure a printer with Common UNIX Printing System (CUPS). 7. 2: Configure a network interface card (NIC). ReadingsA Practical Guide to FedoraTM and Red Hat ® Enterprise Linux ® †¢ Chapter 14, pp. 511-517 and pp. 23-531 †¢ Chapter 17, pp. 579-583 Key Concepts1. The history of UNIX printing2. New features in CUPS3. Management tools in CUPS. Methods of configuring a CUPS printer 5. Private IP addresses. 6 Methods of configuring network settings with the GUI, or system-confignetwork 7. The method of manually configuring network settings Attention IT-250 Students: Week 7 8 In order to address the required coursework, Units 7 and 8 will be combined. To make this somewhat easier, the due dates for all Unit 7/8 work will be extended to calendar week 10 (November 10, 2008). The due date for Unit 9 work remains unchanged (also November 10, 2008). In essence, this allows us to complete the combine work for units 7, 8, and 9 over two weeks. This should be somewhat easier than doubling-up two units in a single week. Please note that to further simplify, the quizzes for Units 7 and 8 have been combined into a single quiz activity. This quiz score will count twice. Please read chapters 10, 13, 16, 18, and 19 in preparation of addressing this material. Unit 9: Basic Apache Configuration Objectives 10: Configure basic settings on an Apache Web server. 0. 1: Identify the core elements of a Fedora Apache installation. 10. 2: Configure the Apache Web server by editing the httpd. conf file. 10. 3: Configure the Apache Web server by using the system-config-httpd configuration script. Readings A Practical Guide to FedoraTM and Red Hat ® Enterprise Linux ® †¢ Chapter 26, pp. 811-824 Key Concepts 1. An introduction to Apache 2. Installation of standard Apache 3. Configuration of Apache, including ports, user Web pages, and Apache directories Linux Operating System Unit 10  ©ITT Educational Services, Inc. 94 Linux Operating System 7/02/08 Unit 10: Basic Apache Management and Troubleshooting Objectives 11: Manage and troubleshoot an Apache Web server. 11. 1: Configure logging options in the httpd. conf file. 11. 2: Configure file and directory security in the httpd. conf file. 11. 3: Troubleshoot Apache from the command line and logs. Readings A Practical Guide to FedoraTM and Red Hat ® Enterprise Linux ® †¢ Chapter 26, pp. 828-840 and p. 845 Key Concepts 1. Methods of configuring logs and file and directory security in Apache 2. Use of logs and command-line tools to troubleshoot Apache

Dealing With Adoption In Middle Age essays

Dealing With Adoption In Middle Age essays In the past, it was assumed that a healthy, well-adjusted adopted person would have no desire to delve into his or her birth history. Those who insisted that they needed this information and access to their birth records were considered to be ungrateful at the least, and seriously disturbed at the worst. However in the early 1990's, after much research and debate, the Australian federal government, under prime minister Paul Keating, passed legislation that all previously secretly and confidentially held adoption records, from the 1940's, 1950's and 1960's should be made available to the adopted public. This effectively meant that all adoption certificates and information would be sent out to adoptees, whether they were or were not aware that they held this status. This report looks at the effect that this legislation had on those people who were unaware that they were adopted. Many of these people are know middle aged and have only recently found out that they were adopted at an early age by their caring parents. Often when people hear the word adoption, they think of an infertile, childless couple delightedly gazing into the eyes of their recently adopted newborn baby. They are thrilled to finally be parents, and are totally involved in meeting the immediate needs of the child (Oskamp and Schultz, 1998). But what about the years that follow? Do the effects of adoption stop the moment that a child comes home to the new parents? I hypothesise that the behavioural responses exhibited by adoptees when discovering this fact, will be the same no matter the age. I also believe that living your entire life with a group of people, people you always thought were your biological family, only to find out that they really are not, would be a very traumatic experience for the individual. The attempt to investigate this hypothesis will be based upon a wide variety research of past studies and expert opinions, gained from a range...

Develop a partial risk and mitigation plan Assignment

Develop a partial risk and mitigation plan - Assignment Example These are the malicious programs that are spread via the internet which damage stored information in the computers. High Attack by the malicious programs would lead to loss of information that is stored in the computers which results into a significant loss for the company. The first impact would be loss of documents while the latest would be total crushing of the ICT system. 2 Hacking The ICT students may hack the schools’ accounts, which would lead to loss of information and money. Medium If this happens, the school may lose a lot in terms of cash. This is because hackers can even clear the school fees for students with fees balances First impact may be unsustainable college due to the big losses accrued. The latest impact would be total declaration of bankruptcy of the college. Malicious programs As shown in the table, the risk associated to malicious programs is very likely to occur. Malware such as viruses, bugs and other destructive programs find their way into computers and other memory storage devices. Viruses and worms have been declared a big threat to businesses’ and institutions’ security (Brittson, Oshea & Reyes, 2011.) The last survey that was done for the 1000 fortune companies indicated that cyber crime is the most dangerous crime in businesses and institutions and that can drive an organization into a lot of losses. These disastrous programs have a very high probability of occurrence in the learning institutions. Most of the Universities today do everything online. Establishment of an ICT center would enable students to carry all the assignments and other applications through the internet especially when there is a configuration of WIFI. Since most of the students are in need of the computer facilities, they would be regular in the ICT centers to carry out their research. It is through interaction of students with computers that the ICT laboratories are exposed to the risks. This results from the various memory storage devi ces that the students insert into the computers for instance the flash disks, memory cards, diskettes, external hard drives and hard disks. These storage facilities if infected would lead to infection of the computers in the ICT laboratories. The other way through which the computers could be affected by viruses and worms, is through the downloading of non-genuine files, music, or movies from the internet. If the downloaded document of music is from untrustworthy provider it may be malicious to the stored information in the computers in the ICT center (Clough, 2010). According to Martin & Schell (2004), malware attack is always associated with the loss of information from the computers. This has been witnessed in many businesses and institutions especially in the cases of viruses and worms attack and also the hackers. For instance the attack known as Aurora which happened recently destructed a lot of information in many companies. In this attack, the hackers used techniques that emp loyed a combination of stealth programming and encrypted techniques. Through the use of this technology, the attackers traced the source codes for Adobe, Google and many

Groupware Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Groupware - Essay Example Today, it is undeniable that technological innovation brings the convenience of many previous laborious works. It is also responsible for the massive growth and fast traffic of the flow of information.Collaborative Software also known as Groupware is a computer supported cooperative work (CSCW). This study will nullify the downbeat notion towards the groupware that it is more of trouble than worthy to the organizational functions.According to Tom Blinck along with fellow authors in their online work Introduction to Groupware (1998), said that one of the major problems of this software is the complexity of the technologies needed that will be compatible for its function. However, hardware technologies are never seizing in development in order to comply with the best means suited for the need of the particular task.Another serious issue that Blinck and his company have been citing is the affordability of the available groupware for the company. It is undeniable the high price amount of the software, including the budget for the consultant of the software, and the trainings for the utilization. Blinck quoted Larson, stating that:"Economic recessions and restrictions of small to medium sized businesses produce decreasing budgets and therefore many firms perceive that they cannot afford to invest in GroupWare. This leads to a lack of support from top-level management. Usually the cost of implementation, hiring a consultant and training programs all add up to significant sums of money, that most firms do not see as a wise investment" Blinck and his party have been probably just looking at the financial security of the company so as not advising to invest in groupware. But they failed to see the potentiality of reimbursement of the expenses for the groupware package, or even beyond the expected price of reimbursement, due to its convenience of the function and production of the result a company could benefit of using groupware. The worthiness of groupware in financial aspect is the solutions it could give to the company and to its very user. The various components or collaboration tools of groupware surely make the various jobs in an organization a lot easier, and that is already worth of the investment (Lank, 2005). Components of collaboration tools such as electronic communication tools (synchronous conferencing, Web publishing), Electronic conferencing tools (electronic meeting system, application sharing), and Collaborative management tools (electronic calendars, workflow system) are the features of the groupware that could be very useful at the same time do not limiting the mobility of the employees within the workforce (Fjeld et al., 2002). Some of these features are common to the labels such as Lotus notes and Microsoft Exchange (Search Domino.Com, 2005). Another advantage of groupware is the wide scopes of areas of concern it can encompass as it understand the many tasks it needed to support in a company. The traditional interface only focuses on one person usability alone (Nielsen, 2008). Groupware is designed for the ease of the consumer and to assist regarding the productivity of the work in terms of quality and quantity that could be limited in the conventional interface of outdated systems. Some groupware even vary its design as the creators are considering along the size of the company, and the distinctive roles of the users playing in a team (Nielsen, 2008). Mobility is also a big factor to consider for a working company. Its limitation can hinder the production and the continuum

An Analysis Of Liszt Sonata

An Analysis Of Liszt Sonata This essay starts from the background of Piano Sonata in B minor. It then focuses on the importance of this work in romantic period. I will analyze the structure of this sonata, compare few scholars analysis and discuss how the technique of thematic use in the piece. Liszt appreciated Beethovens music. He looked upon Beethovens piano sonatas as models. He was influenced by Beethoven a lot. The sonatas development from baroque, classical to romantic period, approached the peak in the beginning of nineteenth century. Liszts Sonata in B minor leads a really important role. There are lots of arguments for this piece in the sonata literatures. The content and musical structure both are the topics of which are considered to continue the heritage of music in the past and usher in the future. Liszt had composed three solo piano sonata in 1825, however these pieces were unpublished and now are lost. The only piano sonata now exist is Sonata in B minor. Liszt had the conception of this piece from 1851, until 1853 he completed this sonata. The sonata first publicly performed by Liszts pupil, Hans von Bà ¼low on January 27, 1857 in Berlin. It has been first published in the spring of 1854 with a dedication to Schumann. Liszt said in a letter that this was his meaning of expressing appreciation for Schumann s having dedicated to him the Fantasy op.17 in C (1838). As a musician anxious to avoid formulaic composition, Liszt surely would have been delighted at the amount of scholarly bickering engendered by the Sonata in B minor. We discover from Winklhofer, for instance, that for more than a century after its composition, the formal architecture of Liszts sonata has eluded convincing explanation- until her own, of course m and so much for Newman, Longyear and the rest. Presumably until then all convincing performances of the Sonata, and the copies by Reubke and Liapunov, were achieved by serendipity. Hamilton, K. (1996) Liszt Sonata in B Minor P.28 Some of the analytical arguments over the form of the Sonata are largely discussed. The analysis of W. S. Newman has been most influential, He proposed a new idea double-function form, which means a structure that can be considered both as one continuous movement and simultaneously as a composite of the movements of a multi-movement work. In other words, the Sonata, though in one movement, presents elements of a first movement- slow movement- scherzo- finale structure. Newman was the first to illustrate this double-function view. Since in both views a multi movement structural mold predominated over that of a sonata form in one movement, the problem of large scale structure became a clouded issue. Whatever their differences, Newman, Longyear and Winklhofer are at least agreed with one point: that the sonata is not a programmatic work, and that as a result analysis of it can only proceed on purely musical terms. Liszt himself never dropped the slightest hint that the Sonata had a prog ramme, but this is no problem, as several writers have been kind enough to supply one for him. The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to William Newman: Double-function analysis (Four movements in one) First movement of a sonata exposition bar 1-330 development bar 331-525 recapitulation bar 525-681 coda bar 682-760 Four movements sonata First movement bar 1-330 slow movement bar 331-459 scherzo bar 460-524 finale bar 525-681 coda bar 682-760 Allegro Andante Fugato Allegro Coda Incomplete Sonatina ABA Scherzando fugue Finale: Incomplete Sonatina Coda Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to Rey Longyear: Double-function analysis (Three movements in one) First movement of a sonata introduction bar 1-7 exposition bar 8- 178 development bar 179-459 recapitulation bar 460-649 coda bar 650-760 Three movements sonata First movement bar 1-330 Slow movement bar 331-459 finale bar 460-760 Allegro Andante Fugato Coda First movement Slow movement AB Finale: Scherzando Coda Exposition Development Recapitulation The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to Winklhofer: One-movement sonata form analysis First movement of a sonata exposition bar 1 -204 development bar 205-452 recapitulation bar 453-649 coda bar 650-760 Newman seems to sense that the double-function theory weakens under scrutiny. He warns twice of the danger of making Procrustean beds out of such classifications. The consequences of applying a rigid formal scheme upon a piece never born upon such terrain are dismissed as compromises which Liszt saw as necessary to retain the double-function dynamic. Nevertheless, this analysis is the most influential to appear thus far. Rey Longyear also describes the work as a series of distinct movements, which combine for a large sonata form. He finds three movements (First Movement, Slow Movement and Finale) in place of Newmans four, but provides no justification for these designations. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.120 In my opinion, I analyze this sonata B minor in three movements (First Movement, Slow Movement and Coda) and combine a large sonata form. I will discuss why and analyze the structure in my essay. First mvt. Second mvt. Third mvt. coda section Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda location mm.1-330 mm.331-459 mm.460-710 mm711-760 tempo Lento/Allegro Andante Allegro-Prestissimo Andante key Unstable (G minor- B minor)B minor- D major F sharp major- A major- F sharp major B flat minor- B minor- B major B major motive (theme) A A1 mm.1 D mm.331 A2- A3 mm.460 D mm.711 C mm.349 C mm.718 A2 mm.8 B mm.363 A2- A3 mm.533 A2- A3- A1 mm.729 A3 mm.14 D mm.393 B mm.105 C mm.433 B mm.600 C mm.153 A1 mm.453 Section one Exposition We can see section one as an exposition of the sonata form. From beginning to mm.17 is theme A, Liszt uses the variety of theme A in the whole piece. A1, A2, A3 motive lead the development of whole piece. William Stein Newman thought motive A is the important link which starts and ends every different section in the whole piece. More noticeable here than the attractive character of these ideas is the effect on harmonic. The Sonata in B minor does not start in B minor, nor is any other key stably established. The first seven bars (mm.1-7) is a tonal centre of G as a beginning. The focus on G in motive A1 then serves as a point of common contact to the start of A2. In theme A, there are lots A sharp which is leading tone of B minor, can not resolve to B minor because of vague tone(Example 1 mm.1-17). Motive A1 begins with lento assai and sotto voce, consists of descending scales suggesting either G minor or C minor, with continuously alterations. The second motive A2 is characterized by its contour, which outlines a diminished seventh, and by its robust, dotted rhythms. This motive A2 also begins on G, but implies B minor, ending on A sharp. We may expect the tonic followed by this leading tone. Instantly the third motive (A3) is presented, a striking upbeat contour, starting on B minor but leaving with a dimi nished seventh on the leading tone to G at m.17. (see Example 1) Example 1 mm.1-17 à ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .PNG Liszt expresses his thematic presentation with fermatas on the rests at m.17 in the end. What follows is a brief section of transition. Those sequences all start on diminished seventh. This harmonic is really unstable, proceeds in chromatically ascending sequences, and presents a variation of motive A2 at m.25. Although the E flat major chord in mm.24-25 marks the peak of the chromatic rise which began in m.18, it is the result of a illusive cadential move. The dominant seventh on B at bar 24 which prepares E minor rather than E flat major. Liszt avoids affirmation of a key here again. (see example 2) Example 2 m.18-31à ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ 2.PNG He want a breathtaking arrival on F sharp in m.30, that why he chose the A2 motive for mm.25-29, and why the resolution is postponed , is explained by the first full cadence of this Sonata, finally appeared at bar 30-31. At m.31, Liszt delays the G as an appoggiatura to F sharp, the dominant of B. The entire element from mm.1-32 is an expended harmonic move from G at the beginning, to a implication of B minor (m.13), and the F sharp in m.30, and finally to B minor (m.32). The result is an dramatic cadential progression VI-i-V-I. mm:1-7 9-13 14-16 18-22 22-24 25-30 30-31 32 b: vi à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬i V/ivà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢IV V7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ i Liszt uses only two motivic elements, derived from A2 and A3. Regular two bar phrases predominate. The harmonic rhythm has become slow and even, despite the speed of execution in performance, and the marking sempre forte ed agitato. Finally, he uses the subdominant to confirm B minor (Example 3. mm.32-44). Example 3. mm.32-44 Beginning with bar 45, following the tonal presentation of B minor, we can see four sections of transitional material. The first section (bar 45-54) contains of A2 fragments appearing in sequence; second (bar 55-66) and third (bar67-81) sections use motive A2 in the famous passage of octaves, and the fourth (bar 81-104) changes back to A1. At bar 105 first appear new theme B, and the key changes to D major.(Example 4) Theme B comes from Crux fidelis of plain chant. Here it is enough to draw attention to the imaginative phrase structure of this melody-two two- bar units then one five-bar phrase. The harmonic stability of the Grandioso theme in the Sonata is conspicuous by comparison with that of the exposition explored thus far. B minor had been weakened because of its delayed presentation and the use of subdominant rather than dominant confirmation. Although bar 105-119 is prepared for by strong cadential motion, which creates the expectation of an impending tonal plateau firmly seated in the secondary key, this is not in fact what occurs. The stability of D major is only momentary. Example 4: The motive of A2 moves into F major; and then D minor at bar 133-134. The section is static rather than dynamic in the sense of polarized tonal moves; Liszt moves to colorful harmonic areas related to D major. There is an extend of A2 at the section of dolce con grazia at bar 125, the value of note is expanded at right hand. At bar 141-152 , A3 reappears and serves two purposes: First is to provide closure to the tonal deflection, second is to allow a transitional phrase introducing the last structural division of the exposition. The section (bar 153-204) offers a masterful transformation, theme C. Theme C appears at bar 153, this theme C has triggered a heated debate. Lots of scholars thought theme C is variation of A3, so it is not a new theme. However, the atmosphere is totally different, so it can be independent. The aggressive character of the original has become lyrical by means of rhythmic augmentation, a triplet accompaniment, and a new harmonization. At bar 171, the triplet transformed to upper voice, the motive A2 appeared indistinctly on lower voice at bar 179. Liszt reinforced motive A2 by octave chords at bar 205 and 221. Motive A3 appeared from bar 255, the tempo become agitated, from scale to octave parallel. After bar 277, motive A1 developed from bar 275-286, and followed by motive A2. The key modulated dramatically to C sharp minor at bar 297 and theme B appeared. Bar 275-281 Bar 294-302 The end of exposition mainly based on motive A3, some motive A2 modulated to E minor which integrate with A3. The lower voice continued repeating motive A3, and motive A2, the value of note is expanded at the upper voice. Section 2 Development The Andante starts roughly with a new Theme D at bar 331(example 5). A chorale which unfolds in tonal ambiguity as a parallel to the opening of the sonata at bar 1-7. Once again the structural seam is blurred, here by introducing the first chord of the Andante three bars early, then sustaining it until the changes of key, meter and tempo are accomplished silently at bar 331. Tempo is from Andante sostenuto to Quasi Adagio at bar 347, the key modulates to A major and theme C appears at bar 349. Theme B appears at bar 363 as F sharp major and modulates to g minor reappears again at bar 376. This is the only time theme B shows as minor (example 6). After the contrast between upper and lower voice, theme D which only showed twice in development now reaches a climax in development section (example 7). There are lots of diminished seventh and semitone after the climax. The Andante maintains the basic sonata characteristics. A secondary key area in the lowered mediant is presented after the opening tonic statement in F sharp; following two modulatory sections, both the chorale and the secondary material return for reinterpretation in F sharp. Like the first presentation of the chorale, the recapitulation at mm.393ff. likewise makes a gradual approach to the tonic. F sharp is confirmed throughout the remainder of the slow movement, particularly in an attenuated dominant progression at mm. 415-33. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.158 From bar 454, motive A1 becomes a bridge which connects development and recapitulation and at bar 460 Liszt used the term G flat instead of F sharp (enharmonic equivalent) for the changes of the key, which is from F sharp major to B flat minor (example 8). Example 5: Example 6: Example 7: Example 8: Section 3 Recapitulation In the Classical Style, Charles Rosen discusses one fixed rule of sonata recapitulation: material originally exposed in the dominant or dominant substitute must be represented in the tonic fairly completely, even if rewritten and reorderedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This is , of course, not a rule at all but a sensitivity to tonal relationships. Liszt conforms to this requirement. After the reinterpretation of secondary key area in the exposition in B major as a muted point of arrival, he omits the tonal deflection and its transitional tail, the bar 153-178 from the exposition are then restated in the tonic (mm.616-614); after m.644, motive A2 modulates, as did the original passage in the exposition. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.154 Why did I choose the fugue section (from bar 460) as a beginning of recapitulation? The structure in section 3 is similar to section 1, and the motives are symmetrical. This is why I choose the fugue section as a beginning of recapitulation. The reason why there is no motive A1 in the beginning, it is because motive A1 have already appeared at the end of development (bar 453-459, example 8), so the recapitulation starts with motive A2 and A3 (example 9). example 9: The fugues counterpoint gradually transforms itself in masterly fashion into a more homophonic texture, a process initiated by the combination of A2, articulated in chords, with A3 (bar502-508). A middle voice, also sounding A3, produces a stretto between the two lower parts. Motive A2 chords take on a more agitated dotted rhythm while the left hand forsakes A3 to take up A2- but in inversion at bar 509. At bar 554 the chromatic flux that introduced the B flat major to G minor to E flat major sequences of motive A2 takes a new turn. Liszt landed on a chord of E flat again, but without the sequence. The chord of E fat accompanies theme A1 (bars 555-560) to develop, however, serves to affirm the tonic of B rather than move away from it. The E flat chord maintains its first inversion bass of G, but upper voices move on to B and E nature, and theme A1 is repeated again. The G bass turns to F sharp, the dominant of B, and motive A2 and A1 alternate in different registers of piano. The var iant of shapes taken by these two motives can stop the inevitable pull to B, its dominant pedal attached in the bass. At bar 673 we hear them A2 in the same position again, but marked Presto with its initial G immediately contradicted by G sharp, simultaneously the beginning of the coda and a reworking of the false recapitulation, now transformed in the original key. Motive A1 increases in momentum to open the doors for a Prestissimo variation of motive A2 and arrive in B major with fff. After setting the entire keyboard ringing with the dominant seventh of B, suddenly breaks off. A silence introduces a recall of the Andante sostenuto in the tonic, its final cadence strangely interrupted (bar 728-729). The bass note has landed on B, nut the upper parts presents the diminished seventh chord of motive A2, the harmony that prepared the way for the Andantes first appearance (bar 328-330). The Andante recall seems to be going into reverse as the bass intones the sinister chatter of motiv e A3 on B. A weak cadence on a chord of B major is darkened twice by a reminder of the dissonant G with which the Sonata began. The final chord progression at bar 754-760 is probably the most remarkable of its type in the piano literature of the entire nineteenth century. A minor and F major are bravely posed for a coloristic approach to B major by thirds. The six four inversion of B major offers an accurate arrangement, the sonority is like bell-ringing, and the rhythm is disoriented. This unstable chord fulfills the function of closure normally supplied by a triad in root position. The root of this B major chord is then repeated in the bass as an unexpected point, just like a punctuation of full stop at the end (example 10). Example 10 In summarizing the relationship between content and form in the Sonata, the evidence of Liszts conscious control is overwhelming. The Sonata exhibits the same sensitive balancing of tonal and thematic elements for which Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven are recognized. The underlying differences issue from the change in the basic chord grammar. Weakening the tonic areas in a sonata form was only one structural manifestation of contemporary attitudes toward form, The expressivity of the sonata procedure had taken on a new dimension. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.164 How do the great pianists think about the structure? The great pianist , Alfred Brendel and Claudio Arrau, they think this sonata is one movement structure. From Alfred Brendels Book Music Sounded Out Alfred Brendel thought this piece as one movement structure including five sections. Claudio Arrau thought this sonata contains six sections. In Joseph Horowitzs Book Conversations with Arrau Arrau said that the mastery of construction sets this sonata apart. In its time such free form in a sonata was completely unknown. How does analysis affect performance? What effect should musics structure have on the way in which music is performed? In particular, how should the results of analysis be conveyed to the listener? One familiar response- at least, the one I have heard most often- asserts that analysis is useful because, knowing what a piece of music contains in terms of structure, the performer can proceed to bring it out. -Rink,J. (1995)The Practice of Performance In Alfred Brendels books: Schunabel always encouraged students to find out as much as possible about the structure, harmonies, motivic technique, used in each score. But there is no basis for interpretation in most of thisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.To begin the study of a new work by analyzing its form, in school-term paper fashion, is more harmful than helpfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦True analysis is but a clarification and intensification of musical sensitivity, an additional push in the right direction as established by musical instinct. Like Schnabel, I feel that few analytic insights have a direct bearing on performance, and that analysis should be the outcome of an intimate familiarity with the piece rather than an input of established concepts. A more convincing explanation for the genesis of the Sonata appears in an examination of Liszts corpus of one-movement instrumental works from the early fifties. As he discovered unusual formal procedures in the symphonic poems, for example, it seems more likely that he decided to experiment similarly in piano compositions. This hints that solutions to specific structural problems flooded into ideas for the content and architecture of the Sonata. The inspirational source was therefore an internal one, within Liszts own imagination, and related to his current orchestral projects. Liszts perceptive of the classical style, and his acknowledge recognition of a linking Beethovens treatment of form in the late works, and his own in the fifties, is worth examining. His intellectual approach to formal theory suggests an undiscovered avenue for understanding the basic technique of the Sonata. Liszt implemented structural principles adapted from the classical style should prove that the B minor Sonata was bound to tradition more securely than is commonly considered, and that his accomplishment of balance between traditional form and inspirational consent was in fact approached at skillfully.